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China is taking control of important minerals, including those rare minerals used to make electric cars, their batteries and a host of electrical products used in daily life and defense, according to analysts. Chinese companies in recent months have stepped up efforts to buy materials from countries as diverse as Myanmar, Vietnam, Morocco and Congo, according to some reports.
China's effort to secure access to more of the essential minerals is important because it is expected to use them as tools of retaliation against the United States if Washington decides to dramatically raise tariffs on Chinese goods, as US President-elect Donald Trump has warned, according to analysts interviewed by VOA.
"Rare minerals are a powerful tool that China will use to retaliate against Mr. Trump's administration if the tariff war escalates," Bucknell University political science scholar Zhiqun Zhu told VOA in a written interview.
The Chinese Ministry of Commerce recently announced that it would impose stricter controls on the export of rare minerals to the United States.
In early December, China banned exports of three key metals -- gallium, germanium and antimony -- to the United States, expanding the list of measures Beijing began rolling out in 2023. The three metals are widely used in military equipment. .
"This is just the first step and a warning to the new administration in Washington. However, the door is still open for talks to avoid an escalation of the tariff war," Zhu stated.
According to Beatrix Keim, director at the Germany-based Center for Automotive Research, “China controls the absolute majority of capacity to process rare earths and lithium, which is used to make batteries. China needs these minerals to supply its new and expanding electric car sector."
"At the same time, China is investing in its relations with some countries that have these resources," she added.
China owns 36 percent of the world's reserves of rare minerals, but controls 70 percent of the world's supply from mines in various countries, according to the German government-backed research organization Now-Gmbh. China also controls 77 percent of rare earths processing capacity.
“Disa burime të tjera të mineraleve të rralla si Vietnami, Rusia dhe Brazili mund të konsiderohen aleatë të Kinës,” i tha Zërit të Amerikës drejtorja e Institutit për Tregjet në Zhvillim pranë Universitetit Cornell, Lourdes Casanova.
Shtetet e Bashkuara kanë burime të rëndësishme të mineraleve të rralla që kapin shifrën e 1.8 milionë tonëve, sipas llogaritjeve të Institutit Gjeologjik të Shteteve të Bashkuara, krahas mundësisë që të furnizohen me to nga India dhe Australia, të cilat kanë më shumë sasi të tyre.
Kompanitë kineze gjithashtu kontrollojnë shumicën e minierave që prodhojnë kobaltin, një element kyç për prodhimin e baterive të veturave elektrike dhe pajisjeve tjera elektrike, në Republikën Demokratike të Kongos, sipas organizatës ‘Benchmark Mineral Intelligence’ me seli në Londër, që hulumton mineralet dhe çmimet e tyre. Kongo ka 70 për qind të furnizimit botëror me kobalt, sipas Shërbimit Ndërkombëtar të Aksionarëve (ISS), me seli në Merilend.
Trazirat në Mianmar
Kina po shfrytëzon përplasjet ndërmjet ushtrisë dhe grupeve kryengritëse në Mianmar për të zgjeruar ndikimin e saj në zonat ku janë minierat e mineraleve të rralla. Mianmari prodhon disa lloje të mineraleve të rralla, përfshirë ato që janë kritike për të ashtuquajturat teknologji të “energjisë së pastër”.
Grupi kryengritës Ushtria Çlirimitare e Kachinit (KIA) ka marrë kontrollin e qytetit Kanpaikti, në afërsi të kufirit të Mianmarit me Kinën. Kanpaikti është i pasur me burime të mineraleve të rralla. Kjo do të thotë që Kina mund të bëhet blerësi i vetëm i tyre, duke i blerë këto minerale nga grupet kryengritëse në vend se nga regjimi ushtarak që sundon në Mianmar, i tha Zërit të Amerikës analistja Sreeparna Banerjee nga Fondacioni Hulumtues i Nju Delhit. Zyrtarët kinezë po negociojnë me grupet kryengritëse prej një kohe të gjatë, thotë ajo.
“Kina do të ruajë pozitën e saj mbizotëruese në zinxhirin e furnizimit duke negociuar drejtpërdrejt me grupet e reja që kanë pushtet... Ushtrinë Çlirimtare të Kachinit”, thotë analistja Banerjee. “Një gjë e tillë mund t’i mundësojë Kinës kushte më të favorshme, ngaqë kryengritësit do t’i japin përparësi sigurimit të të ardhurave nga një blerës i qëndrueshëm”.
Ndërkohë studiuesi Zhu nga Universiteti Bucknell thotë: “nuk është për t’u befasuar që Kina ka vendosur kontakte me kryengritësit sa i përket vazhdimit të nxjerrjes dhe blerjes së pandërprerë të mineraleve të rralla nga Mianmari”.
Vizita e Presidentit Xi në Marok
Presidenti kinez Xi Jinping zhvilloi një vizitë në Marok muajin e kaluar mes investimeve të shtuara nga kompanitë kineze për prodhimin e baterive që përdoren në veturat elektrike. Kompania kineze ‘Gotion High-Tech” i ka premtuar 1.3 miliardë dollarë për të ndërtuar fabrikën e parë në Afrikë për bateritë e makinave elektrike në afërsi të kryeqytetit Rabat, ndërkohë që dy kompani tjera kineze po prodhojnë pjesë për bateri.
"I think that China is planning to produce cars in Morocco that can be sold in Europe, which is very close," said German analyst Keim. "In this way, Chinese companies can avoid high tariffs in European countries."
In October, the European Union imposed stiff tariffs of 17 percent to 35.3 percent on various types of electric cars made in China. The EU justified the decision by saying that China has subsidized electric car manufacturers, allowing them to sell them at very low prices in Europe. China has challenged this decision at the World Trade Organization, which has increased trade tensions between Beijing and the EU.
"European electric car manufacturers are not able to compete with Chinese firms," ??says Casanova of Cornell University. "The EU wants to protect its companies, such as the German Volkswagen, Mercedes, BMW, French ones like Renault or the Italian Stellantis (formerly Fiat)"./VOA
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